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Qur'an's view of science and Islam's contributions to scientific developments Print E-mail
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Written by Ali Unal   
Tuesday, 07 February 2006
The Qur'an contains everything that the Sublime Creator deems necessary for us to make material and spiritual progress. Its most important aims are to make God known to us, open the way to faith and worship, and organize our individual and social life in such a way that we can realize perfect happiness in both worlds.

Thus it mentions things in proportion to their significance and uses them to achieve these aims. Such matters as the pillars of faith, which are the fundamentals of Islam as well as the foundations of human life and essentials of worship, are explained elaborately, while other things are only hinted at briefly. The meaning of a verse may be compared to a rosebud: It is hidden by successive layers of petals, and a new meaning is perceived as each petal unfolds.

For example, the Qur'an hints at technological advances and marks their final development by mentioning the Prophets' miracles. It encourages us to fly by alluding implicitly to spaceships and aircrafts: And to Solomon the wind; its morning course was a month's journey, and its evening course was a month's journey (34:12). It invites us to search for cures to all illnesses: (Jesus said:) I also heal the blind and the leper, and bring to life the dead, by the leave of God (3:49), and hints that one day we will reach this goal and thus come to imagine that somehow we are immune to death. The verse: Said he who possessed knowledge of the Book: "I will bring it (the Queen of Yemen's throne) to you (Solomon in Jerusalem) before your glance returns to you," (27:40) foretells that one day images or even actual things will be transmitted in a moment through knowledge of the Divine Book of the Universe, just as one with knowledge of the Book of Divine Revelation brings things from a great distance before one's glance returns to him.

The Qur'an also symbolically informs us that a killer can be identified by some cells taken from the victim's corpse. Such a case took place during the time of Moses. As recounted in 2:71-73, God told the Children of Israel to slaughter a cow and then place part of it on the corpse. These are just some of the examples of Qur'anic allusions to future scientific and technological advances.

The Qur'an, being the book for every age and person, has great depths of meaning. It is an infinite ocean into which all people with knowledge and ability can dive deeply and, according to their capacity, find its pearls and coral. The passage of time only rejuvenates its scientific wisdom. Every generation discovers its wisdom anew, and its secrets continue to be revealed over time.

In: Then He turned to Heaven when it was smoke, and said to it and to Earth: "Come willingly or unwillingly." They said: "We come willingly" (40:11), the Qur'an indicates that there is some difficulty in such cooperation. We know that the atmosphere's molecules and atoms try to escape into space, while Earth tries to attract and capture them. But for there to be an atmosphere, the motions leading to the molecules' escape must be counterbalanced by the Earth's gravitational attraction.

This is an almost impossible condition to fulfill. From the standpoint of geophysics, these conditions require that three important balances be preserved: atmospheric temperature, Earth's proportionate gravitational attraction, and the non-violation of this balance by various radiant energies arriving from space. The Qur'an expresses these facts in the verse mentioned above. That the almost impossible conditions are fulfilled only by God's power is indicated in: They said: "We come willingly."

Scientists interpret: No, I swear by the positions of stars; and if you but knew, that is indeed a mighty oath (56:75-76) as alluding to star locations, black holes, and white holes (quasars).3 The verse: Glory be to Him, Who created in pairs all things that the earth produces, as well as their own selves, and many other things of which they know nothing (36:36), after beginning by proclaiming that God duplicates nothing, and that He has no likeness or equal, proceeds to say that all things were created in pairs. This type of existence indicates opposition simultaneously with similarity. The scientific definition of creation in pairs implies "similar opposites." The Qur'an gives three examples:

  • Pairs produced by Earth (positron–electron, antiproton–proton, antineutron–neutron), those with different physical and chemical characteristics (metals and nonmetals); biologically opposed pairs (male and female plants and animals), and physically opposed pairs.

  • Pairs of their selves (man and woman; such personality traits as cruel–compassionate, generous–mean; and traits that are similar but subject to opposed value judgments, such as hypocrisy–consideration).

  • Pairs about which we do not know. The discovery of the positron and "parity" (creation in pairs), mentioned by the Qur'an 14 centuries ago, may be regarded as a turning point in contemporary physics. 

The planets' spherical shape and rotations are indicated in: He is the Lord of the heavens and Earth, and all that lies between them; He is the Lord of the easts (37:15), for the concept of the "easts" introduces infinite dimensions and differs for each location on Earth. A point on Earth is in the east with respect to its western regions. Therefore the concept of east differs at every point on Earth, and these form an ensemble of easts. Besides, there are 180 points of sunrise, which means that the sun rises at one place for only 2 days in the year and thus there are 180 easts. And so this verse also indicates meridians, infinite dimensions, space's relativity, the planets' spherical shape, and Earth's rotation.

French scientist Jacques Cousteau discovered that the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean have different chemical and biological constitutions. After conducting undersea investigations at the Straits of Gibraltar to explain this phenomenon, he concluded that "unexpected fresh water springs issue from the southern and northern coasts of Gibraltar. These water sprouts gush forth towards each other at angle of 45°, forming a reciprocal dam like the teeth of a comb. Due to this fact, the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean cannot intermingle." Afterwards, when shown the verse: He has let forth the two seas, that meet together. Between them a barrier, they do not overpass (55:19-20), Cousteau was amazed.

This verse further draws our attention to the plankton composition of the seas, and to the flora and fish distributions that change with variations in temperature. Many other Qur'anic verses shed light upon scientific facts, and every person is invited to study them: We made the Qur'an easy for reflection and study. Will anybody study and reflect? (54:17).


 
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